关于这 10 个问题的更多阅读材料,以及帮助你攀登的工具。先从 Wikipedia 开始。下面的论文和书籍是经典来源。
背景:P、NP 与 NP 完全性
- Wikipedia:P versus NP problem、NP-completeness、Cook–Levin theorem。
- Clay Mathematics Institute,P vs NP,七个千禧年大奖难题之一。
- Stephen A. Cook, "The complexity of theorem-proving procedures", Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '71), 1971, pp. 151–158. doi:10.1145/800157.805047
- Richard M. Karp, "Reducibility among combinatorial problems", in R. E. Miller and J. W. Thatcher (eds.), Complexity of Computer Computations, Plenum Press, 1972, pp. 85–103. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9
- Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness, W. H. Freeman, 1979. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5。NP 完全问题的标准目录。
- Michael Sipser, Introduction to the Theory of Computation, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2013. ISBN 978-1-133-18779-0。第 7 章介绍 P、NP 和 NP 完全性。
- Sanjeev Arora and Boaz Barak, Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach, Cambridge University Press, 2009. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511804090
布尔可满足性问题 (SAT)
- Wikipedia:Boolean satisfiability problem、SAT solver。
- 经典:Cook 1971(见上),第一个 NP 完全性证明。关于求解:Martin Davis and Hilary Putnam, "A computing procedure for quantification theory", Journal of the ACM 7(3), 1960, pp. 201–215, doi:10.1145/321033.321034;以及 Martin Davis, George Logemann and Donald Loveland, "A machine program for theorem-proving", Communications of the ACM 5(7), 1962, pp. 394–397, doi:10.1145/368273.368557(DPLL,每个现代求解器背后的方法)。
- 综述:Armin Biere, Marijn Heule, Hans van Maaren and Toby Walsh (eds.), Handbook of Satisfiability, 2nd ed., IOS Press, 2021. doi:10.3233/FAIA336
3-SAT
- Wikipedia:3-satisfiability(SAT 条目中的一节)。
- 经典:Uwe Schöning, "A probabilistic algorithm for k-SAT and constraint satisfaction problems", 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), IEEE, 1999, pp. 410–414, doi:10.1109/SFFCS.1999.814612;期刊版本见 Algorithmica 32(4), 2002, pp. 615–623, doi:10.1007/s00453-001-0094-7。一种做随机移动的简单方法。在 3-SAT 上,它比尝试每一种情况更快。
- 教材:Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4B: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2, Addison-Wesley, 2023, section 7.2.2.2 (Satisfiability). ISBN 0-201-03806-4。
独立集
- Wikipedia:Independent set (graph theory)。
- 经典:Robert Endre Tarjan and Anthony E. Trojanowski, "Finding a maximum independent set", SIAM Journal on Computing 6(3), 1977, pp. 537–546. doi:10.1137/0206038
- 教材:Fedor V. Fomin and Dieter Kratsch, Exact Exponential Algorithms, Springer, 2010. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16533-7
团
- Wikipedia:Clique problem。
- 经典:Coen Bron and Joep Kerbosch, "Algorithm 457: finding all cliques of an undirected graph", Communications of the ACM 16(9), 1973, pp. 575–577. doi:10.1145/362342.362367
- 综述:Qinghua Wu and Jin-Kao Hao, "A review on algorithms for maximum clique problems", European Journal of Operational Research 242(3), 2015, pp. 693–709. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2014.09.064
顶点覆盖
- Wikipedia:Vertex cover。
- 经典:G. L. Nemhauser and L. E. Trotter, "Vertex packings: structural properties and algorithms", Mathematical Programming 8(1), 1975, pp. 232–248. doi:10.1007/BF01580444 另见:Jianer Chen, Iyad A. Kanj and Ge Xia, "Improved upper bounds for vertex cover", Theoretical Computer Science 411(40–42), 2010, pp. 3736–3756. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2010.06.026
- 教材:Marek Cygan, Fedor V. Fomin, Łukasz Kowalik, Daniel Lokshtanov, Dániel Marx, Marcin Pilipczuk, Michał Pilipczuk and Saket Saurabh, Parameterized Algorithms, Springer, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21275-3
图的 3-着色
- Wikipedia:Graph coloring。
- 经典:Daniel Brélaz, "New methods to color the vertices of a graph", Communications of the ACM 22(4), 1979, pp. 251–256(DSatur 方法)。doi:10.1145/359094.359101 另见:Richard Beigel and David Eppstein, "3-coloring in time O(1.3289^n)", Journal of Algorithms 54(2), 2005, pp. 168–204. doi:10.1016/j.jalgor.2004.06.008
- 教材:R. M. R. Lewis, Guide to Graph Colouring: Algorithms and Applications, 2nd ed., Springer, 2021. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81054-2
哈密顿回路
- Wikipedia:Hamiltonian path problem、Hamiltonian path。
- 经典:Michael Held and Richard M. Karp, "A dynamic programming approach to sequencing problems", Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 10(1), 1962, pp. 196–210, doi:10.1137/0110015;以及 Richard Bellman, "Dynamic programming treatment of the travelling salesman problem", Journal of the ACM 9(1), 1962, pp. 61–63, doi:10.1145/321105.321111。现代:Andreas Björklund, "Determinant sums for undirected Hamiltonicity", SIAM Journal on Computing 43(1), 2014, pp. 280–299. doi:10.1137/110839229
- 综述:Ronald J. Gould, "Advances on the Hamiltonian problem – a survey", Graphs and Combinatorics 19(1), 2003, pp. 7–52. doi:10.1007/s00373-002-0492-x
- 难实例:Joeri Sleegers and Daan van den Berg, "The hardest Hamiltonian cycle problem instances: the plateau of yes and the cliff of no", SN Computer Science 3, article 372, 2022. 开放获取。doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01256-0
旅行商问题 (TSP)
- Wikipedia:Travelling salesman problem。
- 经典:G. Dantzig, R. Fulkerson and S. Johnson, "Solution of a large-scale traveling-salesman problem", Journal of the Operations Research Society of America 2(4), 1954, pp. 393–410, doi:10.1287/opre.2.4.393;以及 S. Lin and B. W. Kernighan, "An effective heuristic algorithm for the traveling-salesman problem", Operations Research 21(2), 1973, pp. 498–516, doi:10.1287/opre.21.2.498。Held and Karp 1962(见上)是经典的精确动态规划方法。
- 书籍:David L. Applegate, Robert E. Bixby, Vašek Chvátal and William J. Cook, The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Computational Study, Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-691-12993-8。
0-1 整数规划
- Wikipedia:Integer programming、Pseudo-Boolean function。
- 经典:Karp 1972(见上)把 0-1 整数规划列为他的 21 个 NP 完全问题之一。关于求解:Ralph E. Gomory, "Outline of an algorithm for integer solutions to linear programs", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 64(5), 1958, pp. 275–278, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1958-10224-4(割平面法);以及 Egon Balas, "An additive algorithm for solving linear programs with zero-one variables", Operations Research 13(4), 1965, pp. 517–546, doi:10.1287/opre.13.4.517(针对 0-1 变量的分支定界法)。
- 教材:Laurence A. Wolsey, Integer Programming, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2020. doi:10.1002/9781119606475 另见:Michele Conforti, Gérard Cornuéjols and Giacomo Zambelli, Integer Programming, Springer, 2014. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11008-0
- 文件格式:Olivier Roussel and Vasco Manquinho, Input/Output Format and Solver Requirements for the Competitions of Pseudo-Boolean Solvers(OPB 格式),2016。Pseudo-Boolean Competition 2024 有结果、求解器和基准测试集。
3-集合精确覆盖 (X3C)
- Wikipedia:Exact cover(3-集合精确覆盖是每个集合都恰好有三个元素的情形)、Knuth's Algorithm X、Dancing links。
- 经典:Donald E. Knuth, "Dancing links", in Millennial Perspectives in Computer Science, 2000, pp. 187–214. arXiv:cs/0011047 这个问题在 Garey and Johnson 1979(见上)中编号为 [SP2]。
- 教材:Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4B, Addison-Wesley, 2023, section 7.2.2.1 (Dancing links). ISBN 0-201-03806-4。
求解器和工具
每个许可证都以项目自己的说明为准。“学术用途”表示其他用途可能需要许可。
SAT
- Kissat(Armin Biere 等;源代码)。MIT。
- CaDiCaL(Armin Biere 等;源代码)。MIT。
- MiniSat(源代码)。MIT。描述见 Niklas Eén and Niklas Sörensson, "An extensible SAT-solver", Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing (SAT 2003), LNCS 2919, Springer, 2004, pp. 502–518, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24605-3_37。
- CryptoMiniSat(源代码)。构建和运行所需的一切都是 MIT。另有一些额外文件是 GPLv2。
- The International SAT Competition:每年的结果、求解器源代码和基准测试集。
- Handbook of Satisfiability(见 SAT)。
图(独立集、团、顶点覆盖)
- KaMIS:大型稀疏图的最大独立集和顶点覆盖。MIT。
- Cliquer(Patric Östergård 等):精确的最大团和最大权重团搜索。GNU GPL。
- PMC(Ryan A. Rossi):并行最大团。GNU GPL v3 或更高版本。
- NetworkX(源代码):用于小型实验的 Python 图库。BSD 3-clause。
精确覆盖
- Donald E. Knuth 的 DLX1,Algorithm 7.2.2.1X(用 dancing links 求精确覆盖),用 CWEB 编写。程序本身和列出它的页面都没有说明许可证。
旅行商问题和哈密顿回路
- Concorde(Applegate、Bixby、Chvátal、Cook):精确的对称 TSP 求解器。允许用于学术研究。其他用途需要获得 William Cook 的许可。
- LKH 和 LKH-3(Keld Helsgaun):Lin–Kernighan–Helsgaun 方法,用于寻找较短的环游路线,但不一定是最短的。LKH 也能直接求解哈密顿回路问题。仅限学术和非商业用途。作者保留所有权利。
通用约束求解器和整数规划求解器
- RoundingSat(Jan Elffers、Jakob Nordström 等):读取 OPB 文件的伪布尔求解器。MIT。描述见 Jan Elffers and Jakob Nordström, "Divide and conquer: towards faster pseudo-Boolean solving", Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18), 2018, pp. 1291–1299, doi:10.24963/ijcai.2018/180。
- OR-Tools CP-SAT(Google;源代码)。Apache 2.0。
- SCIP(源代码):约束整数规划;可读取 OPB 文件。Apache 2.0。
- HiGHS(源代码):线性规划和混合整数规划。MIT。
延伸阅读
- Lance Fortnow, "The status of the P versus NP problem", Communications of the ACM 52(9), 2009, pp. 78–86. doi:10.1145/1562164.1562186
- Scott Aaronson, "NP-complete problems and physical reality", ACM SIGACT News 36(1), 2005, pp. 30–52. doi:10.1145/1052796.1052804, arXiv:quant-ph/0502072 物理系统(量子计算机、模拟装置等)能否高效求解 NP 完全问题。
- Lance Fortnow, The Golden Ticket: P, NP, and the Search for the Impossible, Princeton University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-691-15649-1。适合普通读者。
- William J. Cook, In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman: Mathematics at the Limits of Computation, Princeton University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-691-15270-7。
- Cristopher Moore and Stephan Mertens, The Nature of Computation, Oxford University Press, 2011. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233212.001.0001 内容广泛,易于阅读。见本书网站。
- Avi Wigderson, Mathematics and Computation, Princeton University Press, 2019. doi:10.2307/j.ctvckq7xb 作者提供最终草稿,供个人学习使用。